WEPAMA Meeting: Minutes

IMAGES WEPAMA Meeting Jan 28, 1999, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Western Pacific Margin Working Group

Draft meeting notes by B. K. Linsley and J.D. Ortiz

(Please note that meeting agenda followed the format of WEPAMA meeting outline drafted by Dr. Min-Te Chen appended at the end of these notes. Organization of notes may not be strictly chronological).

MORNING SESSION

11:00 AM; Meeting opened by Dr. Min-Te Chen
Dr. Patrick DeDecker appointed Chair,
Dr. Min-Te Chen acting as Executive Chair.

Group Discussion of Potential Cruise Planned for 2001 on Marion Dufresne:

1st half of meeting to discuss Paleoceanographic scientific issues in the
Western Pacific and Marginal Seas.
2nd half of meeting to discuss logistics of a proposal to IMAGES Science
Committee (SciCom).

Background on IMAGES:

Images program was started in 1994 as a sub-program of the PAGES program.

ExCom consists of N. Pisias, E. Jansen, N. Schackleton,
L. Labeyrie (check this), others ?
SciCom composed of representatives from contribution countries.

Several IMAGES working groups:

-WEPAMA (IMAGES -3 in 1997; IMAGES -4 in 1998; IMAGES-5 in 2001?)
Group currently includes 13 individuals; see sign-in sheet and agenda below
-NE/Eastern Pacific (Peterson et al. proposal already submitted)
-SE Monsoon Working Group
-High Frequency Climate in N. Atlantic
-New Technologies for Sediment Imaging (NTSI) Recent report submitted by
Frank Rack is available on the web.

Day-to-day operations of the program is shifting from theFrench (Labeyrie) to
Germany (Sarnthein) participants.

Tasks for WEPAMA:

The need for additional high quality cores to from the WesternPacific guide
or tasks.

WEPAMA Workshop report to be submitted to IMAGES SciCom before 4/30/99
WEPAMA Proposal submitted to Request ship time on the MarionDufresne
in 2001.

Sub-tasks and who is responsible;

Min-Te Chen (Co-Chair); E. Asian Paleomonsoons
P. DeDecker (Co-Chair); Western Pacific Warm Pool Variability
Chi-Yue Huang; H. Kawahata; Land-Sea Paleoclimatic Linkages
Teh-Quei Lee; New Techniques and Proxies; paleomagnetic correlations
B. K. Linsley; SST and Circulation Patterns Since LGM
I. Martinez; Western Pacific Warm Pool Variability
T. Oba; Land-Sea Paleoclimatic Linkages
J. Ortiz; New Techniques and Proxies
S.R. Troelstra; Kuo-Yen Wei; New Techniques and Proxies
Ein-Fen Yu; New Techniques and Proxies flux calculations ??

Goal will be to split WEPAMA into specific groups of experts to write report
sections to address key scientific issue. The report should summarize current understand and highlight scientific issues that remain to be resolved.

Examples:

Studying climatic phase relationships of the SE Monsoon on various timescales
Evaluating relative role of sea-level vs. monsoon forcing of circulation changes.
Importance of Marginal seas to climatic conditions on various timescales.
Assessing seasonality of sediment proxies
(e.g. need for modern sediment trap studies)
Determining optimal proxies for study of the east asian monsoon
Identification of critical areas for study
N. and S. slopes of the S.China Sea
Southernmost margins of Japan
Indonesian through flow region.

OUTLINE AND SPECIFIC COMMENTS ON SUB-TASKS:

II A. East Asian Paleomonsoons (Responsibility for write-up;Min-Te Chen)

Important problems to be solved

Glacial/interglacial contrasts
Orbital variations of monsoon rainfall indicators
Ice volume forcing
High frequency oscillations
Phase relationships with northern and southern hemisphere

Discussion of report content;

Discussion of need for sediment trap data in region. Agreed that sed traps must be deployed from other program ships, if possible as Marion Dufresne is not used for sediment trap work do to irregularity of schedule, unique capability and cost structure.

II. B. Western Pacific Warm Pool Variability (Responsibility for write-up; P. De Decker and I. Martinez)

P. De Decker showed sea level reconstruction from 150 Kyr to present; to be made available in 3 formats. De Decker argued that the modern S.L. configuration obtains only
for sea level drops of <20m and that this condition is only met perhaps 4-6 times
during a 100 K cycle. Comment that constriction of flow implies greater current velocity.

-Intensified Walker circulation at LGM (Andreason and Ravelo,1997) with dry
conditions at LGM

-Discussion of data base (NOAA, IMAGES office)
should include list of cores and publications (already startedat IMAGES office)
-Send references to P. De Decker and I. Martinez for report....

-need high accumulation rate sites in WPWP
definitely Vanuatu
possibly New Caledonia...N. Caledonia trough may have had reduced O2
levels at times in past.

-Frank Bassinot proposed that report should examine linkages between
WPWP and E. Asian monsoons.

-Need more cores south of through-flow area in Indian Ocean.Southern edge of
WP already and through-flow area already cored in IMAGES-4.

II C. SST and Circulation Patterns Since LGM (Responsibility for write-up; Brad Linsley, Bob Thunell (?), Lowell Stott (?),Delia Oppo (?))

-Report to comment on Younger Dryas (YD) cooling and/or salinity effects in
South China Sea (SCS) and Sulu Sea.

-Is WPWP slave or source to YD event?

- Comments on the importance of studying sites along the WesternAustralian
Margin and in the Sea of Okhotsk (possible deep water formationsite).

-Transect to study Kuroshio Current (Joe Ortiz) to determine whether results seen
in NE. Pac (Ortiz et al (1996) represent a N. Pacific basinwide signal.
(Implementation depend and interests of potential Japanese collaborators and
accessibility of site survey data.)
II D. Land-Sea Paleoclimatic Linkages (Responsibility for write-up;T. Oba, H. Kawahata)

Agreed upon division of work:
T. Oba: mid- latitude gyre
H. Kawahata: Low latitude

chronology issues
J. Ortiz points out the potential of using color reflectancespectra to generate
carbonate, hematite and/or other lithologic proxy stratigrapiesto evaluate
changes in monsoon strength and provide intercorrelation with terrestrial
records.

II E: New Techniques and Proxies (Responsibility for write-up;Joe Ortiz, et al.,)

Subsections:
Color reflectance (Ortiz)
New SST indicators (Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca) other.... (Kuo-Yen)
Environmental magnetism (Teh-Quei Lee)
Radiogenic Th/U (Ein Fen Yu)
Terrigenous element ratios by automated XRF: K/Al, Ti/Al, Zr/Al,Rb/Al, Zr/Rb

Additional:
-multi-species isotopic analyses (water column reconstructions using
deeper dwellers) in conjunction with ship tows, ect....
-Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) some work done in GIF.

Comments during discussion of New Techniques and Proxies:

-Comment by De Decker that some indicators that work elsewhere may not work
in Indonesia.

-Comment by De Decker to develop new proxies that are useful to modelers and
oceanographers.

-Comment by J. Ortiz to make sure we stress that science should drive technology
and not other way around.

-Comment by De Decker to attempt to use stable isotopes in quartz to trace origin
(for eolian studies).

-Comment by Ein-Fen Yu to study box cores, not piston coretops to ensure
modern material in core top calibration studies.

-Comment by Franck Bassinot that future IMAGES cruises will have gravity and
box cores at same sites.

< Conclusion of discussion of scientific objectives >

LOGISTICS (CORING/SHIP USE):

Franck Bassinot discussed multiple uses of Marion Dufresne (Oceanography, Geology, Supply).

Y2000 cruise in NEPAC to be delayed by one year. (Will potentially be in 2001)
60 days operations, 20 days transit (4 million dollars, US had to raise 1.5 million,
but US component was not funded in recent NSF panel)

-Proposed sites for NEPAC cruise show some overlap with existingODP site
survey locations from EW97 cruise of Mix and Pisias and ODPLeg 167.
-NEPAC also includes sites in Gulf of Mexico, Carribean, and Chilean
Fjords (D. Anderson)

May have to merge NEPAC and WEPAC (WEPAMA) cruises in 2001. Or
WEPAMA may have to be in 2002 due to need to balance use of the ship.

-Questions regarding whether WEPAMA could coordinate with E. PAC given
the large geographic region involved?
-Discussion that combined cruise would require compromises from both
groups and the need to potentially prioritize coring sites.

Proposal deadline and basic guidelines:

For Coring in 2001, proposal is due 15 January to IMAGES SciCom

(NOTE: Our internal deadline will be December 1999!)

WEPAMA proposal to go through two committees in France. Pledges of external
funding will not necessary help WEPAMA proposal due to the need to coordinate
the schedule of the ship between various users.

IMAGES SciCom prefers a comprehensive core proposal with clear, prioritized
scientific goals rather than a request for cores of opportunity.The cruise proposal
should come in with group of cores with broad objectives, and not specific requests
for cores on a site by site basis. This driven by good scienceand in part due to
logistics of ship operations and potential equipment failures.Site survey data will
be very important although sites without site survey data can be cored if scientific
justification is compelling.

-Comments on the need for careful coordination of the requestfor use of the ship
and operate scientific proposals by cruise participants.

For WEPAMA, Taiwan (Min-Te) proposes that he take lead.

Working group proposals to IMAGES need to go in with parallel proposal to na-
tional funding agencies.

Core sharing and sampling:

% use of cores based on % of $$ brought to system.
Archiving locations have determined on cruise-by-cruise (or even site-by-site)
basis in the past. To safeguard international collaboration cores are not centralized.
Sample requests by anyone who wants to work on a core must be honored, except
in cases of exact duplication of effort. During the cruise, PIs can be designated for
particular cores, but there is no guarantee that a particular core will be collected
due to logistical constraints, etc.

Review process and decision response for the proposal:

Discussion of potential pre-submission review process for proposed coring sites based on scientific objectives and/or availablesite survey data. Site survey data is a great benefit, but lackt hereof should not entirely rule out a site if the scientific objectives are important.

-Possible scenarios:
Internal evaluations
External pre-submission review.

Discussion of the need to prioritize proposed coring sites and develop alternate cruise scheduling and/or post-cruise work objectives as a means of dealing with potential logistical problemsthat may occur during the cruise. These include potential equipment failure and/or time constraints. The method of setting up priorities remains to be
agreed upon.

The French decision to allow use of the Marion Dufresne could come as early as 6 mo. prior to the cruise or as late as 1 week prior to the proposed start date!

NEW BUSINESS:

Special Scientific Issue/Symposium Vol:

Discussion of the possibility of a special issue of Paleo-3 or some other journal dealing with modern and paleoclimate inthe WPWP region. Focus primarily on results from the IMAGES-3and IMAGES-4 cores.

Issue raised:
-Advantage: Showcase results from previous cruises.
-Planning: Long term project (~1 year away)
-Need for rigorous scientific review and commitment to a tight timeline for
publication.
-No consensus on how to proceeding with task.
-Plans currently on hold.

Potential New WEPAMA Members:

Dr. Delia Oppo; isotopes, forams, trace metals (w/ Yair Rosenthal)
Dr. Bob Thunell; isotopes, forams, sediment traps
Dr. F. Guichard; volcanic eruptions, sediments
Dr. Luc Beaufort; nannos,
Dr. Lowell Stott; isotopes, forams
Dr. Liz Sikes; Uk-37
Dr. Will Howard; isotopes, forams

Discussion regarding new members:

- Request for new members reflects interest to involve scientists with previous
history of work in this region.
-Stott and Thunell already funded from IMAGES-IV cores, may have lower
chance of funding for near-future IMAGES work.
-Are new members needed? (Concerns raised about involvement of too many
scientists.)
- No decision reached on this issue.

Next meeting date:

-Can we have 1 meeting in 1999 (Vancouver 5/99) or do we need 2 meetings to get
WEPAMA proposal finalized.
-Proposed to meet again in May/1999 in Vancouver around ODP COMPLEX
meeting (5/26-5/29), either before or after.
-Decided to meet at Vancouver during COMPLEX

AFTERNOON SESSION

New core sites:

Dr. Brad Linsley proposed:
2 sites in southern South China Sea (SCS) near possible sites of river discharge
channels at the LGM,
1 in Sulu Sea (SS), and
1 south of Halmahera (West Caroline Basin)
(sites designed to extend current core network to separate Warm Pool
from E. Asian Monsoon signals)

Dr. Simon Troelstra proposed;
1 core North -East of Taiwan (loess record)

Dr. Kuo-Yen Wei on behalf of Taiwanese Scientists proposed:
1-2 cores Adaman Sea (Toba 40cm thick)
1-2 cores in S. SCS in same area as BKL
1 core on Sunda shelf south Borneo

Drs. Hodaka Kawahata and P. De Decker proposed (interested in carbon cycle monitoring:
West Caroline Basin
NE of Taiwan
1 in Sunda Shelf, due south of Borneo
5 sites between Australia and Indonesia

Dr. Tadamichi Oba proposed:
1 in Japan Sea
1 off shore SE Japan
2 off NE Japan (high sed rate area)
1 in Sea of Okhotsk 50N, 150E

Dr. Joe Ortiz proposed;
Agreed with selection of sites in the Northern SCS and off Taiwan
Collaboration with researchers working on cores in the South China Sea
to evaluate changes in monsoon strength based on reflectance data.
Suggested a transect across the Kuroshio for studies of changes in circulation.

Dr. F. Guichard proposed;
NE of Taiwan
East China Sea
1 other in Indonesia that was proposed on other IMAGES cruises (Java Shelf)
1 in Bay in Bengal

Dr. Ignacio Martinez proposed;
1.) Vanuatu near ODP Site 828A on southern edge of WPWP (highest rates; variable sed rates 10 to 50 cm/kyr, 828 was deep site, want a shallow site farther to west.
2.) Solomons (plateaus may have similar sedimentary regimes as Vanuatu

Dr. Patrick De Decker proposes (in collaboration with Hodaka Kawahata) :
proposed 5 sites in between Australia and Indonesia;
1.) core off NW Australian margin has laminations
2.) in between Australia and Indonesia
3.) closer to Indonesia
4.) upwelling of Java current (optional site depending on permission)
5.) Brad Opdyke's site in between Java and Indonesia

Off NE Australia
1.) off Vanuatu to correlate with Beck's coral work.

A FUTURE SYMPOSIUM SUGGESTION:

It was suggested that by Mid-2000 we should plan for an international meeting to present results from prior WEPAMA-related IMAGES cruises(IMAGES-3 & -4). Manuscripts detailing the contributions to this symposium would sent out to strict international review on a firm 15 mo. time table.

Possible venues for the symposium:
Western Pacific Geophysical Meeting (Tokyo)
4th Asian Marine Geology meeting (China)
Fall AGU Meeting (United States)

CONCLUSIONS:

(1) Agreed group would continued efforts.
(2) Working Group Report due 4/30/99.
(3) Next Meeting (at Vancover at Complex meeting) in May 1999.
(Following meeting at San Francisco AGU ?)
(4) 35-37 new potential sites proposed;
(for comparison, IMAGES -4 did 45 sites in 45 days).
Min-Te Chen has map of potential 2001 or 2002 coring sites
Participants noted possible logistical problems with such a wide spatial
array of sites.
(5) Proponents (multi-national by site selected) need to submit scientific justification
for their sites. Must include any site survey data. (due 4/30/99)

____________________________________________________________________

Attachment 1:

Meeting Agenda/Outline Prepared by Dr. Min-Te Chen;

WEPAMA (Westem Pacific Margin) Working Group Meeting (January27 -28, 1999, Kaohsiung, Taiwan) - A Science Plan for Giant Piston Coring on the
Western Pacific Margin in the Year of 2001

Working Group Members

Min-Te Chen (Co-chair, National Taiwan Ocean University,Taiwan, ROC)
Patrick De Deckker (Co-chair, Australian National University,Australia)
Sergei A. Gorbarenko (Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia)
Chi-Yue Huang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC)
Hodaka Kawahata (Geological Survey of Japan, Japan)
Teh-Quei Lee (Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC)
Braddock K. Linsley (University at Albany, USA)
J. Ignacio Martinez (Universidad EAFIT, Colombia S.A.)
Tadamichi Oba (Hokkaido University, Japan)
Joe Ortiz (LDEO, Columbia University, USA)
Simon Troelstra (Faculty of Earth Sciences, The -Netherlands)
Kuo-Yen Wei (National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC)
Ein-Fen Yu (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan, ROC)

The WEPAMA (Western Pacific Margins) working group was initiated and approved in the IMAGES SciCom meeting held in San Franciscoin December 1996. The motivation of forming this working group is to better coordinate and promote all scientific activities on high-resolution late Quaternary paleoceanography of westernPacific marginal seas (from the Bering to the Tasman Seas), and to better exchange the information of paleoenvironmental and paleoclimaticrecords from the western Pacific covering the last 300,000 years.The activities of this working group from 1996 through 1998 focused primarily on giant piston core collections using French vessel Marion Dufresne in the IMAGES III (June-July 1997) and the IMAGES IV (June-July, 1998) cruises. More than 70 long piston cores (>30-40m) have been retrieved successfully and have been distributed for on-going shore based research.
Consistent with the primary goals of the IMAGES (International Marine Past Global Change Study) science program, the WEPAMA workinggroup was organized as an international effort for western Pacific paleoceanographic research on the basis of deep-sea sedimentary records of the past 300,000 years with the following objectives:

1) Identifying and coring potential good sites of the westernPacific marginal seas through the usage of Marion Dufresne in the IMAGES cruises;
2) Analyzing sedimentary records to better understand the variabilitiesof key ocean-clirnate components in the western Pacific, such as the East Asia monsoon, the Kuroshio, and the western Pacific warm pool systems;
3) Evaluating existing proxy indices and developing new indices for western Pacific paleoceanographic researches;
4) Compiling high-quality and high-resolution core data to better understand the linkage between the western Pacific climate and global climate changes from millennial to centennial scales over the past 300,000 years;
5) Planning of scientific workshops, databanks, and publications,as well as providing recommendations for future long piston corecoring cruises for the IMAGES program.

Sponsored by the IMAGES program, a two-day workshop is held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan on January 27-28, 1999 conjunction with an IGBP PAGES conference "Marine Environment, the Past, Presentand Future". This workshop is organized around defining state-of-the-art questions, and how to answer these questions using existing paleoceanographic data, and potentially available high-quality core records in future IMAGES cruises. A number of talks given by WEPAMA WG members will present recent research progresses on different aspects of western Pacific paleoceanography:

Workshop Agenda:

January 27 (1:00 - 5:00 PM):-Scientific Presentation
Session 1:

Min-Te Chen (Co-chair, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan)-
"The structure of the last deglaciation in South China Seahigh-resolution records: IMAGES core MD972148"

Patrick De Deckker (Co-chair, Australian National University,Australia) -
"Biological and chemical monitoring of the extent of the Warm Pool in the eastern Indian Ocean during the last 30,000 years";

Sergei Gorbarenko (Academy of Sciences, Russia) -
"High-resolution paleoceanography of the far north western Pacific and its marginal seas during late Pleistocene and Holocene";

Chi-Yue Huang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) -
"Millennial-scale climatic variability of Asian paleomonsoons in warm pool margin of the South China Sea for the last 150 kyrs:comparisons with Greenland ice core and Chinese loess records";

Hodaka Kawahata (Geological Survey of Japan, Japan) -
"Fluctuation in material transport in the WPWT during the late Pleistocene";

Teh-Quei Lee (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) -
"Magnetic study on the core MD972151 from the southwestern South China Sea and its paleo-envirorunental implications"

Braddock K. Linsley (University at Albany, USA) -
"Millennial-scale surface ocean variability in the Sulu Sea over the past 140 kyr";

J. Ignacio Martinez (Universidad EAFIT, Colombia S.A.) -
"The extent of the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) into the eastern
Indian Ocean during the last glacial maximum";

Tadamichi Oba (Hokkaido University, Japan) -
"Sea surface temperatures off the east coast of Japan at the last glacial maximum inferred from oxygen isotope of foraminiferaltests";

Joe Ortiz (LDEO, Columbia University, USA)
"Application of non-invasive sedimentological methods to sediments from western Pacific marginal basins

Simon Troelstra (Faculty of Earth Sciences, The Netherlands)-
"A global perspective of the Conveyor Belt",-

Kuo-Yen Wei (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) -
"Southwestern South China Sea surface ocean environment during the past 150,000 years";

Ein-Fen Yu (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) -
"Variation in excess Th230-normalized fluxes with changes in monsoon climate in the South China Sea during the past 30 kyr".

January 28 (8:00 - 12:00): Group Discussion

The group discussion in the following day will develop the scientific questions and will be used as a basis for identifying future core sites. A formal working group proposal is anticipated to be available in three months after the workshop. This will serve as a basis for organizing a western Pacific coring cruise using Marion Dufresne by- the year of 2001.

Session H:

- Group discussion on scientific questions of western Pacific paleoceanography (leading by Patrick De Deckker and Min-Te Chen)

II A. East Asia Paleomonsoons

(1) Selected major findings:

-Glacial/intergladal contrasts: land& ocean evidence (Huanget al., 1997a; b)
-Orbital variations of monsoon rainfall indicators (Morley andHeusser, 1997)
- Ice-volume forcing (Chen and Huang, 1998)
- High-frequency oscillations (Wang et al., in press)

(2).Important problems to be solved:

-What are the phase relationships between monsoon variations and climate changes over orbital - suborbital time-scales?

-How to distinguish sea4evel effects from monsoon circulation influences?

-How to differentiate winter and summer monsoon effects in sedimentary proxies?
-What's the best proxy indicators for East Asia paleomonsoons?
Winter (SST, mixed-layer depth, eolain grain size)
Summer (SST, isotopic salinity, pollen precipitation)

(3) Critical investigation areas:

-Northern and southern slopes of the South China Sea

-Southern margins of Japan

II B. Western Pacific Warm Pool Variability

(1).Selected major findings:-

-Warm pool stability in the last glacial period (Thunell etal., 1993)

-Warm pool variability: spatial patterns and salinity estimates (Martinez 1994; Martinez
et al., 1997). in the last glacial period

-Intensified Walker circulation in the LGM: thermocline estimates (Andreasen and Ravelo, 1997)

-Biogenic fluxes variations in the western Caroline Basin (Kawahataet al., 1988)

(2) Important problems to be solved:

- Is WPWP a driver or a slave in global climate change?
- Is thermocline depth an important proxy in WPWP?
- How to reconcile marine (warm pool) and terrestrial (Australia) evidence for LGM
conditions?

(3).Critical investigation areas:

- Vanuatu Island
- Solomon Island
-New Caledonia
- Southern South China Sea (the Sunda Shelf and Palawan)

11 C. SST & Circulation Patterns Since the Last Glaciation

(1).Selected major findings-

-Abrupt termination in SCS record V35-5 (Broecker et al., 1988)

- Two-step depletion and Younger Dryas cooling event (?) in Sulu Sea core
Kallel et al., 1988; Linsley and Thunell, 1990)

-No Younger Dryas cooling event in core ODP769 and Palawancore GGC-9 (Anderson and Thunell, 1993; Thunell and Miao, 1996)

-Evaporation effect in coral d180 records (Gagan et al., 1998)
-Mid-Holocene cooling and its relationship with Antarctic Byrdice core and GISP2 methane records.

(2) Important problems to be solved: -

- How did the western Pacific Ocean respond to the Younger Dryas event?
- What mechanisms responsible for transferring the Atlantic signals to the Western Pacific in the last deglaciation?
- What's the circulation pattern of the Kuroshio since the LGM?- Is meltwater from the Okhotsk Sea important in the last deglaciation?
- Do faunal SST, Uk'37, isotope data agree well with each other in the YD event?
-Do deep-dwelling foraminifers provide more clues on solving the discrepancy?

(3) Critical investigation areas:

- Western Australian Margin
- Okhotsk Sea

II D. Land-Sea Paleoclimatic Linkage

(1) Selected major findings:

-The glacial/Holocene climate contrast in the Japan and its marginal seas (Morley et al., 1986; Heusser and Morley, 1990)
-Orbital variations of marine (radiolaria) and terrestrial (pollen) monsoon records (Heusser and Morley, 1997; Morley and Heusser,1997)
-Correlation of Chinese loess monsoon and North Atlantic records over sub-orbital time scales (Porter and An, 1995; An and Porter,1997; F.-H.Chen et al.,. 1997)
- Ice-volume forcing and linkage with the SPECMAP in Chinese loess
records (Ding et al., 1995)

(2) important problems to be solved:
-Chronologies good enough for correlating terrestrial and marine records?
-What proxies are good candidates for terrestrial climate in marine

sedimentary records (eolian grain size, clay minerals, etc.)?

(3) Critical investigation areas:

-Northern and southern slopes of the South China Sea
-Southern margins of Japan

11 E. New Techniques and Proxies

-Color reflectance and sediment imaging methods
-New SST indicators: Sr/Ca & Mg/Ca
-Environmental magnetism
-Radiogenic Th/U
-Terrigenous element rations: K/Al, Ti/Al, Zr/Al, Rb/Al, Zr/Rb

January 28 (1:00 - 5:00 PM)

Session IR:

- Group discussion on potential coring sites in future western Pacific
IMAGES cruises (year 2001, leading by Kuo-Yen Wei and Min-TeChen)

III A. Japan Sea and East China Sea

III B. South China Sea

III C. Java/Banda Sea and Western Equatorial Pacific

III D. Western and Eastern Australian Margins

III E. High-Latitude Oceans